Explain how assimilation, nativism, and immigration policy interacted to shape the urban immigrant experience between 1880 and 1924.

• A. They had no impact on urban immigrant experiences
• B. They fostered infinite openness to all groups with no restrictions
• C. They uniformly supported immigrant communities without restrictions
• D. Nativist policies restricted many groups; assimilation pressures urged conformity; urban communities built enclaves and mutual aid networks to navigate policy while preserving culture

Answer: (D)